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Page No. : 55-63

ABSTRACT

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen of global concern due to its growing multidrug resistance (MDR), aggressiveness, and biofilm-forming ability. K. pneumoniae, a member of the ESKAPE group, is a substantial concern in both clinical and community settings, producing severe infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. This review examines the molecular basis of its biofilm production, which includes capsular polysaccharides, fimbriae, and quorum sensing systems, all of which contribute to its resistance to antimicrobials and host immunological responses. The epidemiological implications of biofilm-associated K. pneumoniae, notably its role in hospital-acquired infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission, are thoroughly investigated. Diagnostic techniques, including as microscopic, culture-based, and molecular technologies, are investigated, as well as treatment issues posed by ESBL and carbapenemase generating bacteria. The review indicates the importance of integrated One Health solutions, which include hospital infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, veterinary biosecurity, environmental sanitation, and wastewater treatment. Emerging alternatives to traditional medicines include bacteriophage therapy, anti-biofilm agents, and microbiome modulation. A coordinated, multi-sectoral approach is required to reduce the impact of biofilm-forming K. pneumoniae and solve the larger AMR challenge.

Keywords: Multidrug Resistance, ESKAPE, ESBL, Bacteriophage, Microbiome