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Page No. : 89-99

ABSTRACT

Foodborne diseases constitute a global public health issue, impacting human health, livelihoods, and healthcare systems and also international trade. Annually, 600 million peoples fall ill due to unsafe food and 420,000 deaths globally. Most foodborne infections are attributed to bacteria, such as E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni/coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei, Bacillus cereus, and Proteus mirabilis. Staphylococcus is one of the common animal derived food contaminant from the slaughterhouse environment. Therefore, the present review emphasized on poisoning due to this pathogen, their virulence and AMR characteristics. The review also emphasized on differentiation of S. aureus from other staphylococci based on cultural, biochemical and molecular characterization. Impact of methicillin resistance S. aureus (MRSA) and their virulence and AMR characteristics are also explained. Toxins like hemolysins, leukocidins, proteases, enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins (ET-A, ET-B, and ET-D), immunomodulatory factors, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SECn, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI), and Panton-Valentine leukocidin and their responsible genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, etb, eta, pvl, tst, lukD-lukE, mecA) are also covered in the present review. Different spa types were identified among MRSA strains are explained herewith. Various methods for detection of Staphylococcus aureus and their enterotoxin and biofilms are well explained in this manuscript.

Keywords: Biofilms, enterotoxins, genes, MRSA, staphylococci